@techreport{freedom2-arch,
  title = {Freedom Systems 2.0 Architecture}, 
  author = {Philippe Boucher and Adam Shostack and Ian Goldberg}, 
  institution = {Zero Knowledge Systems, {Inc.}}, 
  year = {2000}, 
  month = {December}, 
  type = {White Paper}, 
  day = {18}, 
}

@inproceedings{SS03,
  title = {Passive Attack Analysis for Connection-Based Anonymity Systems},
  author = {Andrei Serjantov and Peter Sewell},
  booktitle = {Computer Security -- ESORICS 2003},
  publisher =   {Springer-Verlag, LNCS (forthcoming)},
  year = {2003},
  month = {October},
}

@inproceedings{web-mix:pet2000,
  title = {Web {MIX}es: A system for anonymous and unobservable {I}nternet access}, 
  author = {Oliver Berthold and Hannes Federrath and Stefan K\"opsell}, 
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Workshop on Design
        Issues in Anonymity and Unobservability}, 
  year = {2000}, 
  month = {July}, 
  pages = {115--129}, 
  editor = {H. Federrath}, 
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2009}, 
}

@inproceedings{tor-design,
  author = "Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson and Paul Syverson",
  title = {{Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Security Symposium},
  year = {2004},
  month = {August},
}

@Article{or-jsac98,
  author =       {Michael G. Reed and Paul F. Syverson and David
                  M. Goldschlag}, 
  title =        {Anonymous Connections and Onion Routing},
  journal =      {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
  year =         1998,
  volume =       16,
  number =       4,
  pages =        {482--494},
  month =        {May},
}

@InProceedings{pfitzmann90how,
    author = "Birgit Pfitzmann and Andreas Pfitzmann",
    title = "How to Break the Direct {RSA}-Implementation of {MIXes}",
    booktitle = {Eurocrypt 89},
    publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 434},
    year = {1990},
    note = {\url{http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/pfitzmann90how.html}},
}

@inproceedings{babel,
  title = {Mixing {E}-mail With {B}abel},
  author = {Ceki G\"ulc\"u and Gene Tsudik},
  booktitle = {{Network and Distributed Security Symposium (NDSS 96)}},
  year = 1996,
  month = {February},
  pages = {2--16},
  publisher = {IEEE},
}


@Article{chaum-mix,
   author =      {David Chaum},
   title =       {Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital
                  pseudo-nyms},
   journal =     {Communications of the ACM},
   year =        {1982},
   volume =      {4},
   number =      {2},
   month =       {February},
}
   note =        {\url{http://www.eskimo.com/~weidai/mix-net.txt}},

@inproceedings{pet2003-diaz,
  title = {Generalising Mixes},
  author = {Claudia D\'{\i}az and Andrei Serjantov},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2003)},
  year = {2003},
  month = {March},
  editor = {Roger Dingledine},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2760},
  www_ps_gz_url = {http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~cdiaz/papers/DS03.ps.gz},
}

@inproceedings{minion-design,
  title = {Mixminion: Design of a Type {III} Anonymous Remailer Protocol},
  author = {George Danezis and Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson},
  booktitle = {2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy},
  year = {2003},
  month = {May},
  publisher = {IEEE CS},
  pages = {2--15},
}

@inproceedings{trickle02,
  title = {From a Trickle to a Flood: Active Attacks on Several Mix Types},
  author = {Andrei Serjantov and Roger Dingledine and Paul Syverson},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2002)},
  year = {2002},
  month = {October},
  editor = {Fabien Petitcolas},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2578},
  www_pdf_url = {http://freehaven.net/doc/batching-taxonomy/taxonomy.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{limits-open,
  title = {Limits of Anonymity in Open Environments},
  author = {Dogan Kesdogan and Dakshi Agrawal and Stefan Penz},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2002)},
  year = {2002},
  month = {October},
  editor = {Fabien Petitcolas},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2578},
}

@inproceedings{agrawal03,
  title = {{Probabilistic Treatment of MIXes to Hamper Traffic Analysis}},
  author = {Dakshi Agrawal and Dogan Kesdogan and Stefan Penz},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy},
  year = {2003},
  month = {May},
}

@inproceedings{rao-pseudonymity,
  title = {Can Pseudonymity Really Guarantee Privacy?},
  author = {Josyula R. Rao and Pankaj Rohatgi},
  booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Security Symposium}},
  year = {2000},
  month = {August},
  pages = {85--96},
  publisher = {USENIX},
}

@misc{mixmaster-spec,
  title = {Mixmaster {P}rotocol --- {V}ersion 2},
  author = {Ulf M{\"o}ller and Lance Cottrell and Peter Palfrader and Len Sassaman},
  year = {2003},
  month = {July},
  howpublished = {Draft},
  www_txt_url = {http://www.abditum.com/mixmaster-spec.txt},
}

@inproceedings{stop-and-go,
  title = {Stop-and-Go {MIX}es: Providing Probabilistic Anonymity in an Open System},
  author = {Dogan Kesdogan and Jan Egner and Roland B\"uschkes},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 1998)},
  year = {1998},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1525},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.uow.edu.au/~ldn01/infohide98.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{statistical-disclosure,
  title = {Statistical Disclosure Attacks: Traffic Confirmation in Open Environments},
  author = {George Danezis},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Security and Privacy in the Age of Uncertainty, ({SEC2003})},
  organization = {{IFIP TC11}},
  year = {2003},
  month = {May},
  address = {Athens},
  pages = {421--426},
  editor = {Gritzalis and Vimercati and Samarati and Katsikas},
  publisher = {Kluwer},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~gd216/StatDisclosure.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{tarzan:ccs02,
  title = {Tarzan: A Peer-to-Peer Anonymizing Network Layer},
  author = {Michael J. Freedman and Robert Morris},
  booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications
        Security (CCS 2002)}},
  year = {2002},
  month = {November},
  address = {Washington, DC},
  www_pdf_url = {http://pdos.lcs.mit.edu/tarzan/docs/tarzan-ccs02.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{bennett:pet2003,
  title = {{GAP} -- Practical anonymous networking},
  author = {Krista Bennett and Christian Grothoff},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2003)},
  year = {2003},
  month = {March},
  editor = {Roger Dingledine},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2760},
  www_ps_url = {http://www.ovmj.org/GNUnet/download/aff.ps},
}

@article{crowds:tissec,
  title = {Crowds: Anonymity for Web Transactions},
  author = {Michael Reiter and Aviel Rubin},
  journal = {ACM Transactions on Information and System Security},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  year = {1998},
  month = {June},
  www_pdf_url = {http://avirubin.com/crowds.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{disad-free-routes,
  title = {The disadvantages of free {MIX} routes and how to overcome them},
  author = {Oliver Berthold and Andreas Pfitzmann and Ronny Standtke},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Workshop on Design
        Issues in Anonymity and Unobservability},
  year = {2000},
  month = {July},
  pages = {30--45},
  editor = {H. Federrath},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2009},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/~weiler/lehre/netsec/Unterlagen/anon/disadvantages_berthold.pdf},
}

@Misc{realtime-mix,
   author =      {Anja Jerichow and Jan M\"uller and Andreas Pfitzmann and
                  Birgit Pfitzmann and Michael Waidner},
   title =       {{Real-Time MIXes: A Bandwidth-Efficient Anonymity Protocol}},
   howpublished = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1998.},
   note =        {\url{http://www.zurich.ibm.com/security/publications/1998.html}},
}

@InProceedings{web-mix,
   author =      {Oliver Berthold and Hannes Federrath and Stefan K\"opsell},
   title =       {Web {MIX}es: A system for anonymous and unobservable
                  {I}nternet access},
  booktitle =    {Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Workshop
                  on Design Issue in Anonymity and Unobservability},
   editor =       {H. Federrath},
   publisher =    {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2009},
   pages =       {115--129},
   year =        {2000},
}

@InProceedings{wright02,
  title = {An Analysis of the Degradation of Anonymous Protocols},
  author = {Matthew Wright and Micah Adler and Brian Neil Levine and Clay Shields},
  booktitle = {{Network and Distributed Security Symposium (NDSS 02)}},
  year = {2002},
  month = {February},
  publisher = {IEEE},
}

@InProceedings{wright03,
  title = {Defending Anonymous Communication Against Passive Logging Attacks},
  author = {Matthew Wright and Micah Adler and Brian Neil Levine and Clay Shields},
  booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy},
  pages= {28--41},
  year = {2003},
  month = {May},
  publisher = {IEEE CS},
}

@misc{pipenet,
  title = {PipeNet 1.1},
  author = {Wei Dai},
  year = 1996,
  month = {August},
  howpublished = {Usenet post},
  note = {\url{http://www.eskimo.com/~weidai/pipenet.txt} First mentioned
      to the cypherpunks list, Feb.\ 1995.},
}

@InProceedings{raymond00,
  author =       {J. F. Raymond},
  title =        {{Traffic Analysis: Protocols, Attacks, Design Issues,
                  and Open Problems}},
  booktitle =    {Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: Workshop
                  on Design Issue in Anonymity and Unobservability},
  year =         2000,
  month =        {July},
  pages =        {10-29},
  editor =       {H. Federrath},
  publisher =    {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2009},
}

@InProceedings{back01,
  author =       {Adam Back and Ulf M\"oller and Anton Stiglic},
  title =        {Traffic Analysis Attacks and Trade-Offs in Anonymity Providing Systems},
  booktitle =    {Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2001)},
  pages =        {245--257},
  year =         2001,
  editor =       {Ira S. Moskowitz},
  publisher =    {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2137},
}

@InProceedings{casc-rep,
   author =      {Roger Dingledine and Paul Syverson},
   title =       {{Reliable MIX Cascade Networks through Reputation}},
  booktitle =    {Financial Cryptography},
  year =         2002,
  editor =       {Matt Blaze},
  publisher =    {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2357},
}

@InProceedings{hybrid-mix,
   author =      {M. Ohkubo and M. Abe},
   title =       {A {L}ength-{I}nvariant {H}ybrid {MIX}},
   booktitle =   {Advances in Cryptology - {ASIACRYPT} 2000},
   year =        {2000},
   publisher =   {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1976},
}

@InProceedings{shuffle,
   author =      {C. Andrew Neff},
   title =       {A Verifiable Secret Shuffle and its Application to E-Voting},
   booktitle =    {8th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications
                  Security (CCS-8)},
   pages =       {116--125},
   year =        2001,
   editor =      {P. Samarati},
   month =       {November},
   publisher =   {ACM Press},
}

@InProceedings{PShuffle,
  author = {Jun Furukawa and Kazue Sako},
  title = {An Efficient Scheme for Proving a Shuffle},
  editor    = {Joe Kilian},
  booktitle = {CRYPTO 2001},
  year      = {2001},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2139},
}

@InProceedings{jakobsson-optimally,
  author = "Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels",
  title = "An Optimally Robust Hybrid Mix Network (Extended Abstract)",
  booktitle =   {Principles of Distributed Computing - {PODC} '01},
  year = "2001",
  publisher =   {ACM Press},
  note = {\url{http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/492015.html}},
}

@InProceedings{flash-mix,
   author =      {Markus Jakobsson},
   title =       {Flash {M}ixing},
   booktitle =   {Principles of Distributed Computing - {PODC} '99},
   year =        {1999},
   publisher =   {ACM Press},
   note =        {\newline \url{http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/jakobsson99flash.html}},
}

@inproceedings{randomized-checking,
  title = {Making mix nets robust for electronic voting by randomized partial checking},
  author = {Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels and Ronald L. Rivest},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium},
  year = {2002},
  month = {August},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/staff/bios/mjakobsson/rpcmix/rpcmix.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{langos02,
  title = {Dummy Traffic Against Long Term Intersection Attacks},
  author = {Oliver Berthold and Heinrich Langos},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies workshop (PET 2002)},
  year = {2002},
  month = {April},
  editor = {Roger Dingledine and Paul Syverson},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2482},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/~berthold/publ/BeLa_02.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{defensive-dropping,
  title = {Timing Attacks in Low-Latency Mix-Based Systems},
  author = {Brian N. Levine and Michael K. Reiter and Chenxi Wang and Matthew Wright},
  booktitle = {Financial Cryptography},
  year = {2004},
  editor = {Ari Juels},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS (forthcoming)},
}

@inproceedings{danezis:wpes2003,
  title = {Heartbeat Traffic to Counter (n-1) Attacks},
  author = {George Danezis and Len Sassaman},
  booktitle = {{Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2003)}},
  year = {2003},
  month = {October},
  address = {Washington, DC, USA},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/gd216/p125_danezis.pdf},
}


@article{scale-emergence,
  title = {Emergence of Scaling in Random Networkds},
  author = {Albert-L\'azl\'o Barab\'asi and R\'eka Albert},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {286},
  year = {1999},
  month = {October},
  day = {15},
  pages = {509--512},
  www_pdf_url = {http://www.nd.edu/~networks/Papers/science.pdf}
}

@article{scale-analysis,
  title = {Mean-field theory for scale-free random networks},
  author = {Albert-L\'azl\'o Barab\'asi and R\'eka Albert and Hawoong Jeong},
  journal = {Physica A},
  volume = {272},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {173-187},
  www_pdf_url={http://www.nd.edu/~networks/Papers/physica.pdf}
}

@article{small-world,
  title = {Collective dynamics of `small-world' networks},
  author = {Duncan J. Watts and Steven H. Strogatz},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {393},
  pages = {440--442},
  year = {1998},
  month = {June},
  day = {4},
  www_pdf_url = {http://tam.cornell.edu/SS_nature_smallworld.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{gd-thesis,
  title = {Better Anonymous Communications},
  author = {George Danezis},
  school = {University of Cambridge},
  year = {2003},
  month = {December},
}

@inproceedings{statistical-disclosure04,
  title = {Statistical Disclosure or Intersection Attacks on Anonymity Systems},
  author = {George Danezis and Andrei Serjantov},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2004)},
  year = {2004 (forthcoming)},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
}

@misc{mixvreliable,
  title = {Comparison between two practical mix designs},
  author = {Claudia D\'{\i}az and Len Sassaman and Evelyne Deweiite},
  year = {2004},
  howpublished = {Forthcoming}
}

@inproceedings{econymics,
  title = {On the Economics of Anonymity}, 
  author = {Alessandro Acquisti and Roger Dingledine and Paul Syverson}, 
  booktitle = {Financial Cryptography}, 
  year = {2003}, 
  editor = {Rebecca N. Wright}, 
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2742}, 
}